The March 1st Movement: Korea’s Historic Struggle for Independence
Today marks the first day of March, the beginning of spring. For Koreans, March 1st is a significant day as it commemorates the nationwide peaceful protests against Japan’s occupation of Korea. The March 1st Movement (Samil Undong, 삼일운동) was one of the most pivotal independence movements in Korean history. On March 1, 1919, thousands of Koreans protested against Japanese colonial rule, demanding independence. Though the movement was brutally suppressed, it ignited a spirit of resistance that eventually led to the establishment of the Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea.
1. The Meaning of the March 1st Movement (Non-violent Resistance)
The March 1st Movement was a large-scale national resistance against Japanese rule, reflecting the Korean people's deep desire for independence. Following the death of Emperor Gojong and amid the global rise of self-determination, intellectuals, students, and citizens came together to organize peaceful protests.
A key document from this movement, the Korean Declaration of Independence, was publicly read, asserting Korea’s right to self-governance and freedom. The movement was based on the principles of non-violent resistance, aiming to gain international support for Korea’s sovereignty.
2. Japan’s Colonization of Korea
From 1910 to 1945, Korea was under Japanese colonial rule. During this period, the Japanese government imposed harsh policies, including:
Forcing Koreans to adopt Japanese names
Banning the Korean language in schools and public life
Seizing land and natural resources
Forcibly mobilizing Koreans for labor and military service
Despite these oppressive policies, the Korean people's longing for independence only grew stronger.
3. The Impact of the March 1st Movement
Although the Japanese authorities violently suppressed the demonstrations, resulting in thousands of arrests and casualties, the March 1st Movement had long-term consequences:
Inspired independence movements both within Korea and abroad
Led to the establishment of the Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea in April 1919
Raised global awareness of Korea’s independence struggle
Strengthened Korean national unity and resistance
- ("Photo Source: Wikimedia Commons")
4. The Significance of the March 1st Movement in Modern Korea
Today, March 1st is a national holiday in South Korea known as Independence Movement Day (Samiljeol, 삼일절). Koreans commemorate this day through various events:
Raising the South Korean flag (Taegeukgi, 태극기) on homes and public buildings
Official ceremonies at historic sites like Tapgol Park and Seodaemun Prison
Educational programs and documentaries on the independence movement
The spirit of the March 1st Movement continues to influence modern Korea’s values of democracy and national pride. The fight against injustice, as seen in Korea’s journey to democracy, is deeply rooted in the legacy of the March 1st Movement.
5. Raising the Taegeukgi – A Symbol of Independence
On March 1st, many Koreans display the Taegeukgi (태극기), the national flag of South Korea, to honor those who fought for independence. The flag symbolizes:
Balance (Yin-Yang) in the universe
Harmony and unity among people
The enduring strength and independence of the Korean people
Across the country, the sight of the Taegeukgi waving in the wind serves as a solemn reminder of Korea’s struggle for freedom.
Despite the passage of a century, Japan has yet to fully acknowledge and apologize for its historical actions, including its occupation of Korea for 36 years. This remains a subject of unresolved historical disputes between the two nations.
The March 1st Movement was not just a protest; it was the beginning of a national awakening that ultimately led to Korea’s liberation in 1945 (Liberation of Korea). Today, Koreans continue to honor this movement, remembering the sacrifices made for their country's freedom and independence.
This morning, I raised the Taegeukgi at my home. Below is a photo of the flag displayed outside my apartment.
